The Dreyfus model of learning & skill development ( Bing Chat )

 Q to Bing ; What is Dreyfus model of skill acquisiton ? 

The Dreyfus model of skill acquisition is a model that describes how learners acquire skills through formal instruction and practicing. It was proposed by brothers Stuart  Dreyfus and Hubert Dreyfus in 1980. The model is used in the fields of education and operations research . 

The model proposes that a student passes through five distinct stages . 

1. **Novice**: 

At this stage, learners have little or no experience or background knowledge. They must adhere to a clear set of rules or guidelines and often need supervision to complete tasks².

2. **Advanced Beginner**: 

Once the novice has learned the basic rules of a skill, they progress to advanced beginner. Here, they begin applying rules to new situations and receive important feedback when they make a mistake².

3. **Competence**: 

During the competency stage, the learner encounters situations where the rules don’t apply or where it is unclear which rules should be used. This can lead to the individual becoming paralyzed by indecision².

4. **Proficient**:

 Generally speaking, the proficient individual can select an appropriate course of action for any situation with confidence².

5. **Expert**: 

In the expert stage, action is driven by intuition derived from a deep understanding of the subject matter².

The Dreyfus model is based on four binary qualities:

- Recollection (non-situational or situational)

- Recognition (decomposed or holistic)

- Decision (analytical or intuitive)

- Awareness (monitoring or absorbed)¹

The original model included mastery as the last stage. In the book Mind over Machine, this was slightly adjusted to end with Expertise¹. The Dreyfus model is widely used to provide a means of assessing and supporting progress in the development of new skills and competencies².